Short summary of methods covered:

1. concat(): Merges multiple arrays or values into a new array without modifying the original one.

2. flat(): Flattens a multidimensional array to a specified depth and returns a new array.

3. flatMap(): Maps each element using a provided function, then flattens the result into a new array.

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Array.prototype.concat()

The concat() method creates a new array by merging multiple arrays or values without changing the old ones.

arr.concat(arg1, arg2, ...);

• arg1, arg2, ...: Accepts any number of Arrays or values to merge with the current array.

let a = [1, 2, 3];
a.concat(4, 5);
// Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

a.concat([4, 5], [6, 7]);
// Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

a.concat(4, [5, [6, 7]]);
// Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, [6, 7]]

• Merging arrays: If any of the arguments is an array, the array’s elements are merged (not the array itself).

Example with strings:

const myGirls = ["Cel", "Lon"];
const myBoys = ["Em", "Lin"];
const myPets = ["cat", "Dog"];

const myChildren = myGirls.concat(myBoys);
// Result: ["Cel", "Lon", "Em", "Lin"]

const family = myGirls.concat(myBoys, myPets);
// Result: ["Cel", "Lon", "Em", "Lin", "cat", "Dog"]

const myKids = myGirls.concat("daisy");
// Result: ["Cel", "Lon", "daisy"]

Important Notes:

• concat() does not modify the original array but returns a new one.
• While concat() is convenient, it can be inefficient because it creates a new array. If you often modify arrays, consider using push() or splice().

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Array.prototype.flat(depth)

The flat() method creates a new array from a multidimensional array with all sub-array elements concatenated to a specified depth.

In ES2019, flat() flattens nested arrays to a specified depth and returns a new array.

arr.flat(depth);

• depth (optional): The number of levels to flatten the array. The default is 1.

const myArray = [ [1,2], [3,4], [5,6] ];

const newArray = myArray.flat();
// Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Flattening behavior:

• If you pass no argument to flat(), it flattens the array by one level.
• If you pass a number to flat(depth), it flattens the array by the specified number of levels.

[1, [2, 3]].flat()
// Result: [1, 2, 3]

[1, [2, [3]] ].flat()
// Result: [1, 2, [3]]

let a = [1, [2, [3, [4]]]];
a.flat(1)
// Result: [1, 2, [3, [4]]]
a.flat(2)
// Result: [1, 2, 3, [4]]
a.flat(3)
// Result: [1, 2, 3, 4]
a.flat(4)
// Result: [1, 2, 3, 4]

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Array.prototype.flatMap(fn)

The flatMap() method first maps each element using the provided function and then flattens the result into a new array.

arr.flatMap(fn);

• fn: A function that is called on each element in the array.

const myArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

const newArray = myArray.flatMap(x => [x, x * 10]);
// Result: [1, 10, 2, 20, 3, 30, 4, 40, 5, 50, 6, 60]

• flatMap() works like map() but flattens the resulting array automatically, which makes it more efficient than calling map() followed by flat().

Example with strings:

let phrases = ["hello world", "the definitive guide"];
let words = phrases.flatMap(phrase => phrase.split(" "));
// Result: ["hello", "world", "the", "definitive", "guide"]

Example with empty arrays:

// Map non-negative numbers to their square roots
[-2, -1, 1, 2].flatMap(x => x < 0 ? [] : Math.sqrt(x))
// Result: [1, 2**0.5]

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arr.flat(depth) / arr.flatMap(fn)

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